Who is at risk of breast cancer?
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in the UK, with around 1 in 7 women diagnosed during their lifetime. While it predominantly affects women, men can also develop breast cancer, albeit at much lower rates. Early detection significantly improves outcomes, which is why understanding your personal risk is so important.
In this article, we’ll explore what breast cancer is, who’s most at risk and how you can take proactive steps to look after your health.
What is breast cancer?
Breast cancer occurs when cells in the breast tissue grow and divide uncontrollably, forming a tumour. It can start in different parts of the breast, most commonly in the ducts (which carry milk to the nipple) or the lobules (glands that produce milk).
Some breast cancers grow slowly and may not cause immediate symptoms, while others are more aggressive. This variation makes awareness and screening vital for early detection and successful treatment.
There are several types of breast cancer, including:
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Invasive ductal carcinoma – the most common type
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Invasive lobular carcinoma
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Triple-negative breast cancer – often more aggressive
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Inflammatory breast cancer – rare but fast-growing
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Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) – a non-invasive early form
While outcomes have improved dramatically thanks to advances in screening and treatment, breast cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related death among women worldwide.
What are the symptoms of breast cancer?
Not all breast cancers present noticeable symptoms in their early stages, but common signs to watch for include:
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A lump or thickening in the breast or underarm
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Changes in the size, shape, or appearance of the breast
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Dimpling or puckering of the skin
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Nipple discharge (especially if it’s bloody or occurs without squeezing)
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Inverted nipple or changes in nipple appearance
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Redness, swelling, or warmth
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Persistent breast pain (not related to menstrual cycle)
It's important to be breast aware. Regularly check for changes and report anything unusual to your GP.
Who is most at risk of breast cancer?
Anyone can develop breast cancer, but certain factors can increase your risk. These are divided into non-modifiable (things you cannot change) and modifiable (lifestyle-related) risk factors.
Non-modifiable risk factors
Age The risk of breast cancer increases with age. Most cases are diagnosed in women over 50, although younger women can also be affected. In the UK, women between 50 and 71 are invited for NHS screening every three years.
Family history If you have a first-degree relative (mother, sister, daughter) who has had breast cancer, your risk is higher. The risk increases further if multiple relatives have been diagnosed, especially at a younger age.
Genetic mutations Inherited gene mutations such as BRCA1 and BRCA2 significantly raise the lifetime risk of breast and ovarian cancers. These mutations are rare but can be detected through genetic testing, particularly if you have a strong family history.
Personal medical history Women who have previously had breast cancer or non-cancerous breast conditions like atypical hyperplasia are more likely to develop the disease again.
Menstrual and reproductive history Early menstruation (before age 12) or late menopause (after age 55) increases your exposure to oestrogen, which may heighten your risk. Having children later in life or not having children can also slightly increase the risk.
Radiation exposure Women who received radiation therapy to the chest (for example, to treat lymphoma) during their youth have a higher risk of developing breast cancer later.
Ethnicity Caucasian women have the highest breast cancer rates in the UK, while Black women are more likely to be diagnosed at a younger age with more aggressive forms of the disease. Awareness and tailored screening are especially important in these groups.
Modifiable risk factors
While you can’t control your age or genetics, there are several lifestyle-related factors that you can influence:
Alcohol consumption Drinking alcohol is linked to a higher risk of breast cancer. Even low to moderate drinking can increase risk, as alcohol affects oestrogen levels in the body.
Being overweight or obese After menopause, excess body fat becomes the body’s main source of oestrogen, which can encourage the growth of hormone-sensitive breast cancers. Maintaining a healthy weight is a key preventive measure.
Lack of physical activity Regular exercise helps regulate hormones, reduce inflammation and boost the immune system, all of which can reduce breast cancer risk. Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate activity a week.
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) Long-term use of combined HRT (oestrogen and progestogen) is associated with a slightly increased risk. Talk to your GP about the benefits and risks if you're considering or currently using HRT.
Oral contraceptives Some studies suggest that using the pill may slightly increase your risk, though this risk seems to decline after stopping use.
Smoking There is growing evidence linking smoking to increased breast cancer risk, especially among premenopausal women.
Can men get breast cancer?
Yes, although rare, men can develop breast cancer too. It typically affects older men and may present as a lump near the nipple or chest area. Awareness is key, especially for men with a family history or BRCA mutations.
How is breast cancer detected?
Early detection offers the best chance of successful treatment. This can be achieved through:
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Breast screening (mammography) – offered to women aged 50 to 71 on the NHS, and privately available to younger women if needed
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Self-examinations – becoming familiar with your breasts and checking for changes
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Clinical breast exams – carried out by a healthcare professional during routine check-ups
If a lump or other symptom is found, further tests such as ultrasound, MRI or biopsy may be recommended.
Can breast cancer be prevented?
While you can’t eliminate the risk entirely, you can reduce it by:
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Limiting alcohol intake
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Maintaining a healthy weight
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Staying active
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Not smoking
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Discussing HRT and hormonal birth control with your doctor
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Breastfeeding, if possible, which may have a protective effect
Most importantly, understand your personal risk and stay on top of routine checks.
Take control of your health with Bluecrest Wellness
Worried about your risk of breast cancer or just want peace of mind?
At Bluecrest Wellness, our full body health checks include a range of assessments that can help you understand your overall health and risk profile. While we don’t offer mammograms, we provide key health insights such as cholesterol, hormone levels, body composition and more, all of which can support your long-term wellbeing.
Every assessment includes:
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A detailed Results Report
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Access to a 24/7 GP helpline for a year
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Convenient appointments across 2,000 UK locations
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Tests covering heart, liver, kidney, diabetes risk and more
Staying informed is the first step to taking control of your health.
Need help? Call free on
0800 652 2183 to speak to one of our team.
